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- $Unique_ID{BRK03909}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Kniest Syndrome}
- $Subject{Kniest Syndrome Syndrome de Kniest Swiss Cheese Cartilage Syndrome
- Morquio Syndrome Metatropic Dwarfism Syndrome }
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 755:
- Kniest Syndrome
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible that the main title of the article (Kniest Syndrome) is
- not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the
- alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Syndrome de Kniest
- Swiss Cheese Cartilage Syndrome
-
- Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Morquio Syndrome
- Metatropic Dwarfism Syndrome
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
- Kniest Syndrome is a type of dwarfism that is characterized by unusually
- short arms and legs, a round face with hollow or depressed areas, swelling
- and stiffness of the joints, and a stiff drawing up (contractures) of the
- fingers. A cleft palate, curvature of the spine (scoliosis), vision and
- hearing problems may also occur. Intellect is usually normal in people with
- this syndrome.
-
- Symptoms
-
- People with Kniest Syndrome are known to have disproportionately short
- stature with a short, barrel-shaped chest, short deformed arms and legs, and
- a relatively long trunk. Later in life, short trunk dwarfism develops due to
- curvature of the spine and enlargement of the joints.
-
- The head and face of people with Kniest Syndrome is usually flat with
- protruding eyes, and a low nasal bridge. A cleft palate with speech
- impairment and frequent ear infections also occur. Involvement of the eyes
- may include nearsightedness (myopia) that can progress to retinal detachment
- and cataracts. Dislocated eye lenses, drooping of the eyelids
- (blepharoptosis), possible blindness with disease of the optic nerve,
- involvement of the spine or brain, and glaucoma may also occur. As the
- person matures, the joints may become enlarged causing limited movement and
- pain. Limbs are short, often bowed, and there may be irregularities of the
- ends of the long bones (epiphyses). Contracted hips may cause walking
- difficulties and there may be a congenital flattening of the vertebrae and a
- hump of the spine. Hernias of the groin (inguinal) and navel (umbilical), a
- small pelvis, short collarbones, slowed motor development and hearing loss
- may also occur.
-
- In some cases of Kniest Syndrome there may be an excessive excretion of
- keratan sulfate in the urine, while a softening of the connective tissue in
- the trachea (tracheomalacia) causing a "Swiss-cheese" appearance has also
- been known to develop. People with this disorder usually have normal
- intelligence.
-
- Causes
-
- The exact cause of Kniest Syndrome is not known. In some cases it may be
- inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Some scientists believe that some
- cases of this disorder may be due to a sporadic genetic mutation because no
- other family members have symptoms of the syndrome. Human traits, including
- the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two
- genes, one received from the father and one from the mother. In dominant
- disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received from either the mother
- or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other normal gene and resulting
- in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the disorder from
- affected parent to offspring is fifty percent for each pregnancy regardless
- of the sex of the resulting child.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Kniest Syndrome is a rare disorder that affects males and females in equal
- numbers.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Kniest
- Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
-
- Morquio Syndrome is a metabolic disorder characterized by an accumulation
- of keratan sulfate. Bony abnormalities of the head, chest, hands, knees, and
- spine may occur as a result of this defect. Intelligence is usually normal.
- The bony abnormalities of the spine can result in spinal cord compression.
- Surgery to stabilize the upper cervical spine, usually by spinal fusion, can
- prevent severe paralysis. There may also be enlargement of the liver,
- curvature of the spine (thoracic kyphoscoliosis), a back flow of blood from
- the aortic valve of the heart into the left ventricle of the heart (aortic
- regurgitation), as well as loss of hearing. (For more information on this
- disorder, choose "Morquio" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
-
- Metatropic Dwarfism Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by
- extremely small stature, with short and deformed arms and legs. Other
- characteristics of this disorder are a narrow thorax with short ribs,
- prominent joints with restricted mobility of the knees and hips, and unusual
- increased extension of the finger joints. There is also an unusually long
- torso, which later develops into short trunk dwarfism due to curvature of the
- spine and enlargement of the joints. This rare disorder is often recognized
- at birth because the spinal deformities tend to be severe during infancy.
- (For information about other forms of dwarfism choose "Dwarf" as your search
- term in the Rare Disease Database.)
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Treatment of Kniest Syndrome usually consists of stabilization of lax joints,
- surgery to prevent contractures, and repair of retinal detachments and cleft
- palate. Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their
- families. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through July
- 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every
- entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please
- check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current
- information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Kniest Syndrome, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- The Magic Foundation
- 1327 N. Harlem Ave.
- Oak Park, IL 60302
- (708) 383-0808
-
- Human Growth Foundation (HGF)
- 7777 Leesburg Pike
- P.O. Box 3090
- Falls Church, VA 22043
- (703) 883-1773
- (800) 451-6434
-
- NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-5133
-
- Parents of Dwarfed Children
- 11524 Colt Terr.
- Silver Spring, MD 20902
-
- Little People of America
- P.O. Box 633
- San Bruno, CA 94066
- (415) 589-0695
-
- Short Stature Foundation
- 17200 Jamboree Rd., Suite J
- Irvine, CA 92714-5828
- (714) 474-4554
- 800-24 DWARF
-
- For Genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
-
- March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
- 1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
- White Plains, NY 10605
- (914) 428-7100
-
- Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
- 35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
- Chevy Chase, MD 20815
- (800) 336-GENE
- (301) 652-5553
-
- References
-
- MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins
- University Press, 1986. Pp. 492
-
- SMITH'S RECOGNIZABLE PATTERNS OF HUMAN MALFORMATION. 4th Ed.: Kenneth
- Jones, M.D.; Saunders, 1988, Pp. 312, 313-314.
-
- A DISTINCT CHONDRODYSPLASIA RESEMBLING KNIEST DYSOLASIA: CLINICAL,
- ROENTGENOGRAPHIC, HISTOLOGIC, AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL FINDINGS. S. Sconyers, et
- al.; J PEDIATR (December 1983, issue 103 (6)). Pp. 898-904.
-
- KNIEST DYSPLASIA IS CHARACTERIZED BY AN APPARENT ABNORMAL PROCESSING OF
- THE C-PROPEPTIDE OF TYPE II CARTILAGE COLLAGEN RESULTING IN IMPERFECT
- ASSEMBLY. A. Poole, et al.; J CLIN INVEST (February 1988, issue 81 (2)).
- Pp. 579-589.
-
- THE OCULAR FINDINGS IN KNIEST DYSPLASIA. I. Maumenee, et al.; AM J
- OPTHALMOL (July 15, 1985, issue 100 (1)). Pp. 155-160.
-
- OCULAR MANIFESTATIONS IN KNIEST SYNDROME, SMITH-LEMLI-OPITZ SYNDROME,
- HALLERMANN-STREIFF-FRANCOIS SYNDROME, RUBENSTEIN-TAYBI SYNDROME AND MEDIAN
- CLEFT SYNDROME. A. Bardelli, et al.; OPHTHALMIC PAEDIATR GENET, (August
- 1985, issue 6 (1-2)). Pp. 343-347.
-
-